The output from the arping command is piped through grep. The script uses the same arping -c format we've already seen, but this time we're only asking for a single ARP request to be sent to each device in the range. At each spin of the for loop, $device is set to the next IP address in the range. The parameters are accessed inside the script as $1 and $2. The radio waves used in Wi-Fi would also fall into this category. This is concerned with the physical infrastructure including cabling, routers, and network switches. It is used to send packets between directly-addressable devices using broadcasts to every device or unicasts to specific MAC addresses. It's the layer that the Internet Protocol-the IP in TCP/IP-operates at. This is where routing and packet forwarding takes place. The Transmission Control Protocol-the TCP in TCP/IP-operates at this layer. This layer is concerned with such things as transfer rates and data volumes. This is the layer that moves data around the network in a coordinated way. This layer involves itself with such matters as the initiation of a connection, handshaking, timeouts, and the breaking of connections that are no longer required. A session is a network connection between two or more devices. Encryption and decryption take place at this layer. This makes sure the data is in the right format or state as it moves to and from the network format. It provides information to the computer user and receives information back from them.
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